SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

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`*`!Cryptococcus`!`* is a `F33f`_`[genus`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Genus]`_`f of fungi in the `F33f`_`[family`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Family_(biology)]`_`f `F33f`_`[Cryptococcaceae`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cryptococcaceae]`_`f that includes both `F33f`_`[yeasts`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Yeast]`_`f and filamentous `F33f`_`[species`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Species]`_`f. The filamentous, sexual forms or `F33f`_`[teleomorphs`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Teleomorph]`_`f were formerly classified in the genus `*Filobasidiella`*, while `*Cryptococcus`* was reserved for the yeasts. Most yeast species formerly referred to `*Cryptococcus`* have now been placed in different genera. Some `*Cryptococcus`* species cause a disease called `F33f`_`[cryptococcosis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cryptococcosis]`_`f.

>>Contents

• `F0af`_`[Taxonomy`#taxonomy]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[General characteristics`#general-characteristics]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[Habitat, distribution and species`#habitat-distribution-and-species]`_`f

• `F0af`_`[References`#references]`_`f

-─

>>Taxonomy

The genus was described by French mycologist `F33f`_`[Jean Paul Vuillemin`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Jean_Paul_Vuillemin]`_`f in 1901, when he failed to find `F33f`_`[ascospores`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Ascospore]`_`f characteristic of the genus `*`F33f`_`[Saccharomyces`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Saccharomyces]`_`f`* in the yeast previously known as `*Saccharomyces neoformans`*.`:cite-ref-kurtzman-1-0[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-kurtzman-1]`_`f] Over 300 additional names were subsequently added to the genus, almost all of which were later removed following `F33f`_`[molecular`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Molecular_phylogenetics]`_`f research based on `F33f`_`[cladistic`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cladistic]`_`f analysis of `F33f`_`[DNA sequences`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=DNA_sequences]`_`f. As a result, some ten species are currently recognized in `*Cryptococcus`*.`:cite-ref-liu2015-2-0[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-liu2015-2]`_`f]

The teleomorph was first described in 1975 by K.J. Kwon-Chung, who obtained cultures of the `F33f`_`[type species`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Type_species]`_`f, `*Filobasidiella neoformans`*, by crossing strains of the yeast `*`F33f`_`[Cryptococcus neoformans`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cryptococcus_neoformans]`_`f`*. She was able to observe `F33f`_`[basidia`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Basidia]`_`f similar to those of the genus `*`F33f`_`[Filobasidium`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Filobasidium]`_`f`*, hence the name `*Filobasidiella`* for the new genus.`:cite-ref-kwon-chung-3-0[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-kwon-chung-3]`_`f] Following changes to the `F33f`_`[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants]`_`f, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and `F33f`_`[anamorph`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Anamorph]`_`f forms of the same fungus was discontinued, meaning that `*Filobasidiella`* became a synonym of the earlier name `*Cryptococcus`*.

>>General characteristics

The cells of species that produce yeasts are covered in a thin layer of glycoprotein capsular material that has a gelatin-like consistency, and that among other functions, serves to help extract nutrients from the soil. The `*C. neoformans`* `F33f`_`[capsule`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Yeast_capsule]`_`f consists of several polysaccharides, of which the major one is the immunomodulatory polysaccharide called glucuronoxylomannan (GXM).`:cite-ref-grijpstra2009-4-0[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-grijpstra2009-4]`_`f] GXM is made up of the `F33f`_`[monosaccharides`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Monosaccharides]`_`f `F33f`_`[glucuronic acid`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Glucuronic_acid]`_`f, `F33f`_`[xylose`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Xylose]`_`f and `F33f`_`[mannose`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Mannose]`_`f and can also contain O-acetyl groups. The capsule functions as the major virulence factor in cryptococcal infection and disease.`:cite-ref-casadevall-5-0[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-casadevall-5]`_`f]

Some `*Cryptococcus`* species have a huge diversity at the infraspecific level with different molecular types based on their genetic differences, mainly due to their geographical distribution, molecular characteristics, and ecological niches.`:cite-ref-cogliati2013-6-0[`F5bf`_`[6`#cite-note-cogliati2013-6]`_`f]

`*Cryptococcus`* species are not known to produce distinct, visible fruitbodies. All teleomorph forms appear to be parasites of other fungi. In teleomorphs the `F33f`_`[hyphae`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Hyphae]`_`f are colourless, are `F33f`_`[clamped`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Clamp_connection]`_`f or unclamped, and bear `F33f`_`[haustorial cells`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Haustoria]`_`f with filaments that attach to the hyphae of host fungi.`:cite-ref-findley2009-7-0[`F5bf`_`[7`#cite-note-findley2009-7]`_`f]`:cite-ref-ginns-malloch-8-0[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-ginns-malloch-8]`_`f] The `F33f`_`[basidia`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Basidia]`_`f are club-shaped and highly elongated. Spores arise in succession from four loci at the apex (which is sometimes partly septate). These spores are passively released and may remain on the basidium in chains, unless disturbed.`:cite-ref-kwon-chung-3-1[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-kwon-chung-3]`_`f] In the type species, the spores germinate to form yeast cells, but yeast states are not known for all species.

>>Habitat, distribution and species

`*Cryptococcus neoformans`* is cosmopolitan and is the most prominent medically important species. It is best known for causing a severe form of `F33f`_`[meningitis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Meningitis]`_`f and `F33f`_`[meningoencephalitis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Meningoencephalitis]`_`f in people with `F33f`_`[HIV`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=HIV]`_`f/`F33f`_`[AIDS`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=AIDS]`_`f. It may also infect `F33f`_`[organ-transplant`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Organ_transplantation]`_`f recipients and people receiving certain cancer treatments.`:cite-ref-cdc2010-9-0[`F5bf`_`[9`#cite-note-cdc2010-9]`_`f] In its yeast state `*C. neoformans`* is found in the droppings of wild birds, often `F33f`_`[pigeons`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Columbidae]`_`f; when dust of the droppings is stirred up, it can infect humans or pets that inhale the dust. Infected humans and animals do not transmit their infection to others.`:cite-ref-cdc2010-9-1[`F5bf`_`[9`#cite-note-cdc2010-9]`_`f] The taxonomy of `*C. neoformans`* has been reviewed: it has now been divided into two species: `*Cryptococcus neoformans`* `F33f`_`[sensu stricto`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Sensu_stricto]`_`f and `*Cryptococcus deneoformans`*.`:cite-ref-hagen-10-0[`F5bf`_`[10`#cite-note-hagen-10]`_`f]`:cite-ref-liu2015-2-1[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-liu2015-2]`_`f]

`*Cryptococcus gattii`* (formerly `*C. neoformans`* var. `*gattii`*) is endemic to tropical parts of the continent of Africa and Australia. It is capable of causing disease in non-immunocompromised people. In its yeast state it has been isolated from `F33f`_`[eucalyptus`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Eucalyptus]`_`f trees in Australia. The taxonomy of `*C. gattii`* has been reviewed; it has now been divided into five species: `*C. gattii`* `F33f`_`[sensu stricto`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Sensu_stricto]`_`f, `*C. bacillisporus`*, `*C. deuterogattii`*, `*C. tetragattii`*, and `*C. decagattii`*.`:cite-ref-hagen-10-1[`F5bf`_`[10`#cite-note-hagen-10]`_`f]`:cite-ref-liu2015-2-2[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-liu2015-2]`_`f]

`*Cryptococcus depauperatus`* is parasitic on `*`F33f`_`[Lecanicillium lecanii`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Verticillium]`_`f`*, an `F33f`_`[entomopathogenic fungus`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Entomopathogenic_fungus]`_`f, and is known from Sri Lanka, England, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, and Canada.`:cite-ref-ginns-malloch-8-1[`F5bf`_`[8`#cite-note-ginns-malloch-8]`_`f]`:cite-ref-samson-11-0[`F5bf`_`[11`#cite-note-samson-11]`_`f] It is not known to produce a yeast state.`:cite-ref-rodriguez-carres-12-0[`F5bf`_`[12`#cite-note-rodriguez-carres-12]`_`f] This species grows as long, branching filaments and is self-fertile, i.e. it is `F33f`_`[homothallic`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Homothallism]`_`f.`:cite-ref-passer2022-13-0[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-passer2022-13]`_`f] It can reproduce `F33f`_`[sexually`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Sexual_reproduction]`_`f with itself throughout its life cycle.`:cite-ref-passer2022-13-1[`F5bf`_`[13`#cite-note-passer2022-13]`_`f]

`*Cryptococcus luteus`* is parasitic on `*`F33f`_`[Granulobasidium vellereum`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Granulobasidium_vellereum]`_`f`*, a `F33f`_`[corticioid`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Corticioid]`_`f fungus, and is known from England and Italy.`:cite-ref-ginns-bernicchia-14-0[`F5bf`_`[14`#cite-note-ginns-bernicchia-14]`_`f] It too is not known to produce a yeast state.`:cite-ref-sivakumaran-15-0[`F5bf`_`[15`#cite-note-sivakumaran-15]`_`f]

`*Cryptococcus amylolentus`* was originally isolated as a yeast from beetle tunnels in South African trees. It forms a basidia-bearing teleomorph in culture.`:cite-ref-findley2012-16-0[`F5bf`_`[16`#cite-note-findley2012-16]`_`f]

As of April 2025, `F33f`_`[Species Fungorum`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Species_Fungorum]`_`f (in the `F33f`_`[Catalogue of Life`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Catalogue_of_Life]`_`f) accept 41 species of `*Cryptococcus`*:`:cite-ref-col-17-0[`F5bf`_`[17`#cite-note-col-17]`_`f]

• `*Cryptococcus amylolentus`* (Van der Walt, D.B.Scott & Klift) Golubev (1981)

• `*Cryptococcus asgardensis`* Vishniac & Baharaeen (1981)

• `*Cryptococcus aureus`* (F.C.Harrison) M.Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase (2003)

• `*Cryptococcus bacillisporus`* Kwon-Chung & J.E.Benn. (1978)

• `*Cryptococcus baldrensis`* Vishniac & Baharaeen (1982)

• `*Cryptococcus cavarae`* Pollacci & Turconi (1929)

• `*Cryptococcus cellulolyticus`* Nakase, M.Suzuki, Hamam. & M. Takash. (1996)

• `*Cryptococcus cereanus`* Phaff et al. (1974)

• `*`F33f`_`[Cryptococcus consortionis`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cryptococcus_consortionis]`_`f`* Vishniac (1985)

• `*Cryptococcus decagattii`* F.Hagen & Boekhout (2015)

• `*Cryptococcus deneoformans`* F.Hagen & Boekhout (2015)

• `*Cryptococcus depauperatus`* (Petch) Boekhout, Xin Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai & M. Groenew. (2015)

• `*Cryptococcus deuterogattii`* F.Hagen & Boekhout (2015)

• `*Cryptococcus elinovii`* Golubev (1979)

• `*Cryptococcus ferigula`* Saëz & Rodr. Mir. (1988)

• `*Cryptococcus festucosus`* Golubev & J.P.Samp. (2004)

• `*Cryptococcus floricola`* Yurkov, A.R. Passer, M.A.Coelho, R.B.Billmyre, M.Nowrousian, Mittelbach, C.A.Cuomo, A.F.Averette, S.Sun & Heitman (2019)

• `*`F33f`_`[Cryptococcus gattii`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cryptococcus_gattii]`_`f`* (Vanbreus. & Takashio) Kwon-Chung & Boekhout (2002)

• `*Cryptococcus hempflingii`* Vishniac & Baharaeen (1982)

• `*Cryptococcus heveanensis`* (Groen.) Baptist & Kurtzman (1977)

• `*Cryptococcus himalayensis`* Goto & Sugiy. (1970)

• `*Cryptococcus hominis`* Vuill. ex Guég. (1907)

• `*Cryptococcus lactativorus`* Fell & Phaff (1967)

• `*Cryptococcus longus`* M.Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase (2001)

• `*Cryptococcus lupi`* Baharaeen & Vishniac (1982)

• `*Cryptococcus luteus`* (P.Roberts) Boekhout, Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y.Bai & M.Groenew. (2015)

• `*Cryptococcus montanae`* Weijman, Rodr. Mir. & Van der Walt (1988)

• `*Cryptococcus musci`* M. Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase (2001)

• `*Cryptococcus mycelialis`* Golubev & N.W.Golubev (2003)

• `*`F33f`_`[Cryptococcus neoformans`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Cryptococcus_neoformans]`_`f`* (San Felice) Vuill. (1901)

• `*Cryptococcus nyarrowii`* Thomas-Hall & K.Watson (2002)

• `*Cryptococcus pseudolongus`* M.Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase (2001)

• `*Cryptococcus ramirezgomezianus`* M.Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase (2001)

• `*Cryptococcus saitoi`* Á.Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell (2002)

• `*Cryptococcus socialis`* Vishniac (1985)

• `*Cryptococcus tetragattii`* F.Hagen & Boekhout (2015)

• `*Cryptococcus tyrolensis`* Vishniac & Baharaeen (1982)

• `*Cryptococcus uniguttulatus`* (Wolfram & Zach) Phaff & Fell (1970)

• `*Cryptococcus watticus`* Guffogg, Thomas-Hall, P.Holloway & K.Watson (2004)

• `*Cryptococcus wingfieldii `* (Van der Walt, Y.Yamada & N.P.Ferreira) Yurkov, A.R. Passer, M.A.Coelho, R.B.Billmyre, M.Nowrousian, Mittelbach, C.A.Cuomo, A.F.Averette, S.Sun & Heitman (2019)

• `*Cryptococcus wrightensis`* Vishniac & Baharaeen (1982)

>>References

`:cite-note-kurtzman-1`!1.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-kurtzman-1-0]`_`f `:citerefkurtzmanfell1998`aKurtzman, Cletus P.; Fell, Jack W. (20 March 1998). `*The Yeasts - A Taxonomic Study`*. Elsevier. `F33f`_`[ISBN`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=ISBN_(identifier)]`_`f 9780080542690.

`:cite-note-liu2015-2`!2.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-liu2015-2-0]`_`f `:citerefliuwangg-kergroenewald2015`aLiu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, Millanes AM, Wedin M, Yurkov AM, Boekhout T, Bai FY (2015). "Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes". `*Studies in Mycology`*. `!81`!: 85–147. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001. `F33f`_`[PMC`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMC_(identifier)]`_`f 4777781. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 26955199.

`:cite-note-kwon-chung-3`!3.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-kwon-chung-3-0]`_`f `:citerefkwon-chung-kj-1975`aKwon-Chung KJ. (1975). "A new genus, `*Filobasidiella`*, the perfect state of `*Cryptococcus neoformans`*". `*Mycologia`*. `!67`! (6): 1197–1200. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.2307/3758842. `F33f`_`[JSTOR`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=JSTOR_(identifier)]`_`f 3758842. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 765816.

`:cite-note-grijpstra2009-4`!4.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-grijpstra2009-4-0]`_`f `:citerefgrijpstratefsenvan-diede-cock2009`aGrijpstra J, Tefsen B, van Die I, de Cock H (November 2009). "The `*Cryptococcus neoformans`* cap10 and cap59 mutant strains, affected in glucuronoxylomannan synthesis, differentially activate human dendritic cells". `*FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology`*. `!57`! (2): 142–50. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00587.x. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 19694810.

`:cite-note-casadevall-5`!5.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-casadevall-5-0]`_`f `:citerefcasadevallperfect1998`aCasadevall A, Perfect JR (1998). `*Cryptococcus neoformans`*. American Society for Microbiology, ASM Press.

`:cite-note-cogliati2013-6`!6.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-cogliati2013-6-0]`_`f `:citerefcogliati2013`aCogliati M (2013). "Global Molecular Epidemiology of `*Cryptococcus neoformans`* and `*Cryptococcus gattii`*: An Atlas of the Molecular Types". `*Scientifica`*. `!2013`!: 675213. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1155/2013/675213. `F33f`_`[PMC`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMC_(identifier)]`_`f 3820360. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 24278784.

`:cite-note-findley2009-7`!7.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-findley2009-7-0]`_`f `:citereffindleyrodriguez-carresmetinkroiss2009`aFindley K, Rodriguez-Carres M, Metin B, Kroiss J, Fonseca A, Vilgalys R, Heitman J (2009). "Phylogeny and phenotypic characterization of pathogenic `*Cryptococcus`* species and closely related saprobic taxa in the Tremellales". `*Eukaryotic Cell`*. `!8`! (3): 353–361. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1128/EC.00373-08. `F33f`_`[PMC`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMC_(identifier)]`_`f 2653247. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 19151324.

`:cite-note-ginns-malloch-8`!8.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-ginns-malloch-8-0]`_`f `:citerefginnsmalloch2003`aGinns J, Malloch DW (2003). "`*Filobasidiella depauperata`* (Tremellales): haustorial branches and parasitism of `*Verticillium lecanii`*". `*Mycological Progress`*. `!2`! (2): 137–140. `F33f`_`[Bibcode`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bibcode_(identifier)]`_`f:2003MycPr...2..137G. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1007/s11557-006-0051-6. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 34250983.

`:cite-note-cdc2010-9`!9.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-cdc2010-9-0]`_`f "What is `*Cryptococcus`* infection (cryptococcosis)?". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. April 28, 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2012.

`:cite-note-hagen-10`!10.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-hagen-10-0]`_`f `:citerefhagenkhayhantheelen2015`aHagen F, Khayhan K, Theelen B, et al. (2015). "Recognition of seven species in the `*Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans`* species complex". `*Fungal Genetics and Biology`*. `!78`!: 16–48. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1016/j.fgb.2015.02.009. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 25721988.

`:cite-note-samson-11`!11.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-samson-11-0]`_`f `:citerefsamsonstalpersweijman1983`aSamson RA, Stalpers JA, Weijman AC (1983). "On the taxonomy of the entomogenous fungus `*Filobasidiella arachnophila`*". `*Antonie van Leeuwenhoek`*. `!49`! (4–5): 447–456. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1007/BF00399323. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 6651289. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 2752286.

`:cite-note-rodriguez-carres-12`!12.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-rodriguez-carres-12-0]`_`f `:citerefrodriguez-carresfindleysundietrich2010`aRodriguez-Carres M, Findley K, Sun S, Dietrich FS, Heitman J (2010). "Morphological and genomic characterization of `*Filobasidiella depauperata`*: a homothallic sibling species of the pathogenic `*Cryptococcus`* species complex". `*PLOS ONE`*. `!5`! (3): e9620. `F33f`_`[Bibcode`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bibcode_(identifier)]`_`f:2010PLoSO...5.9620R. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1371/journal.pone.0009620. `F33f`_`[PMC`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMC_(identifier)]`_`f 2835752. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 20224779.

`:cite-note-passer2022-13`!13.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-passer2022-13-0]`_`f `:citerefpasserclanceysheadavid-palma2022`aPasser, A. R.; Clancey, S. A.; Shea, T.; David-Palma, M.; Averette, A. F.; Boekhout, T.; Porcel, B. M.; Nowrousian, M.; Cuomo, C. A.; Sun, S.; Heitman, J.; Coelho, M. A. (2022). "Obligate sexual reproduction of a homothallic fungus closely related to the Cryptococcus pathogenic species complex". `*eLife`*. `!11`!. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.7554/eLife.79114. `F33f`_`[PMC`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMC_(identifier)]`_`f 9296135. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 35713948.

`:cite-note-ginns-bernicchia-14`!14.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-ginns-bernicchia-14-0]`_`f `:citerefginnsbernicchia2000`aGinns J, Bernicchia A (2000). "`*Filobasidiella lutea`*: parasitism of `*Hypochnicium vellereum`*". `*Karstenia`*. `!40`! (1–2): 49–51. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.29203/ka.2000.351.

`:cite-note-sivakumaran-15`!15.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-sivakumaran-15-0]`_`f `:citerefsivakumaranbridgeroberts2002`aSivakumaran S, Bridge P, Roberts P (2002). "Genetic relatedness among `*Filobasidiella`* species". `*Mycopathologia`*. `!156`! (3): 157–162. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1023/A:1023309311643. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 12749578. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 41798563.

`:cite-note-findley2012-16`!16.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-findley2012-16-0]`_`f `:citereffindleysunfraserhsueh2012`aFindley K, Sun S, Fraser JA, Hsueh Y, Averette AF, Li W, Dietrich FS, Heitman J (2012). "Discovery of a modified tetrapolar sexual cycle in `*Cryptococcus amylolentus`* and the evolution of MAT in the `*Cryptococcus`* species complex". `*PLOS Genetics`*. `!8`! (2): e1002528. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002528. `F33f`_`[PMC`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMC_(identifier)]`_`f 3280970. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 22359516.

`:cite-note-col-17`!17.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-col-17-0]`_`f "`*Cryptococcus`*". `*`F33f`_`[Catalogue of Life`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Catalogue_of_Life]`_`f`*. `F33f`_`[Species 2000`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Species_2000]`_`f: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 5 April 2025.

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